The crack path that deviates from the centerline of the specimen increases from 4.654° to 43.767°with an increase in the maximum aggregate size. Microhardness measurements were found to be quite suitable for estimation of the plastic zone size. Therefore, different attenuation in measured signal of samples before and after hydraulic fracturing was attributed in the nature of material and induced fractures of the material itself. (c) 0.15 mm. It is observed that at a fixed value of total brittle mineral content, the larger average brittle mineral size corresponds to a larger size of the fracture area, Ultrasonic technique can provide useful information regarding crack propagation inside the materials. The fracture pressure is closely related to the fracture propagation in hydraulic fracturing process in the shale.
The signals were transmitted into the specimen at the voltage level of 500 V. The transmitter and receiver were tightly bonded exactly at opposite concrete specimen surfaces, using a special viscoelastic silicone gel as couplant. Copyright © 2019 Wei Gao et al. The overall fracturing patterns in the four models are consistent with the laboratory experiments results. Figure 13 shows different fracture paths for specimens with different maximum aggregate sizes under hydraulic fracturing tests with a stereo microscope. More cracks passing through brittle minerals were more pronounced in the specimens with larger maximum-size brittle minerals. The examination of the amplitude of the signals at different stages of the specimens revealed the interesting features related to the brittle mineral size, because the amplitude of the electric input signal was held constant throughout the experimental series using the same transducers and changes in the amplitude can be attributed directly to the attenuative behavior of the samples. (d) 0.075 mm. s was injected into the simulation wellbore during the tests. Pour des tailles de grains plus fines, la dimension de la zone plastique inclut un nombre considérable de grains tandis que pour la taille la plus grossière de grains (1050 μm), elle est confinée dans un seul grain; ce fait correspond à l'apparition de la rupture par clivage. (a) Crack penetration through the aggregate. The attenuation difference coefficient is directly proportional to the flexural fracture path. The fracturing path is clearly dominated by the brittle mineral, especially larger particles, which is consistent with the laboratory results, Bulk modulus of the fracturing fluid (GPa), J. Dai, C. Zou, D. Dong et al., “Geochemical characteristics of marine and terrestrial shale gas in China,”, D. Dong, Y. Wang, X. Li et al., “Breakthrough and prospect of shale gas exploration and development in China,”, T. Guo, S. Zhang, Z. Qu, T. Zhou, Y. Xiao, and J. Gao, “Experimental study of hydraulic fracturing for shale by stimulated reservoir volume,”, F. Hao, H. Zou, and Y. Lu, “Mechanisms of shale gas storage: implications for shale gas exploration in China,”, P. Liu, Y. Feng, L. Zhao, N. Li, and Z. Luo, “Technical status and challenges of shale gas development in Sichuan Basin, China,”, C. Zou, D. Dong, Y. Wang et al., “Shale gas in China: characteristics, challenges and prospects (I),”, C. Zou, D. Dong, Y. Wang et al., “Shale gas in China: characteristics, challenges and prospects (II),”, B. Yuan and D. A. When a fracture encounters a larger particle, the resistance effect is relatively strong and the fracture must accumulate a sufficient amount of energy to overcome the resistance, then deflect or branch and stray considerably with more branches from straight lines. Wood, and W. Yu, “Virtual special issue: stimulation and hydraulic fracturing technology in natural gas reservoirs: theory and case studies (2012–2015),”, B. Yuan, D. Zheng, R. G. Moghanloo, and K. Wang, “A novel integrated workflow for evaluation, optimization, and production predication in shale plays,”, T. Guo, S. Zhang, H. Ge, X. Wang, X. Lei, and B. Xiao, “A new method for evaluation of fracture network formation capacity of rock,”, Z. Liu and Z.
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