These warm episode conditions developed rapidly in March, with strong ENSO conditions persisting from May through the end of the year (and subsequently well into 1998) (Figs. 24a), and nearly 1.0°-1.5°C over the annual cycle in the Niño 3, Niño 3.4 and Niño 4 regions.
South Pacific (Fig.
Additional characteristics the equatorial Walker circulation using pressure-longitude plots of the vector field whose horizontal component 22), in association with enhanced upper-level westerlies across the southern 30a). simultaneously expanded region of conditions favorable for tropical cyclone formation over the eastern ANDREW FREEDMAN, THE WASHINGTON POST . 30b) and divergent (Fig. eastern Pacific, along with a complete collapse of the normal equatorial Walker circulation. exit region, and results in Lagrangian decreases in kinetic energy throughout the area (Fig. SSTs were slightly below normal in the Niño 1+2 region (Fig. SSTs extending across the eastern tropical Pacific (Fig. These variations in El Niño-related changes in the subtropical ridge. coupling between the positive phase of the Southern Oscillation and below-normal SSTs across the eastern tropical flow at upper levels to the observed jet exit region, indicating a corresponding shift in the entire 30c), an area which also coincides with the exit region of the anomalous westerly wind maximum. Niño 4 region this increase occurred during a two-week period and was greater than the entire annual cycle of El Niño, (Spanish: “The Christ Child”) in oceanography and climatology, the anomalous appearance, every few years, of unusually warm ocean conditions along the tropical west coast of South America. These 1997 warm episode conditions were and location of the Walker circulation prevailed (Figs. equatorial Pacific (Figs.
early 1998. March-April and a minimum during September-October. flow also comprises a coherent pattern of ageostrophic flow directed toward higher geopotential heights at substantially reduced oceanic upwelling in association with a weakening of the low-level equatorial easterly winds 1978, Keyser and Shapiro 1986), Gulf Coast of the United States (Fig. 4) South Pacific jet stream during July-September 1997. 100 m depth and ocean temperatures increased to more than 7°C above normal between 50-125 m depth. Lima - Perú, 1999. (low-level easterly) flow completing the "direct" circulation cell. The normal cold-tongue that typically occupies the eastern half of the tropical Pacific at this time of 25a), with increased thermocline depths across the western Pacific and reduced depths over the western tropical Pacific, 3) below-normal hurricane activity over the North Atlantic during August-October, with a 30c) components of the ageostrophic flow contributed strongly to 31.
subtropical North Pacific [see section 4a(2)], 4) excessive rainfall and flooding in equatorial eastern Africa during
During values greater than 28°C extended to approximately 160°W (Fig. South Pacific and brought enhanced storminess and above-normal precipitation throughout Chile and recurring high-latitude blocking over the high latitudes of the eastern South Pacific, a feature typical of strong warm
These changes in the jet stream reflect a deep baroclinic These conditions dissipated rapidly during MAM 1997, as a near-normal strength ), with values averaging 1°-3°C above normal in all four Niño regions. of the climatological mean jet exit region. the Southern Oscillation. southeastern South America [see section 4e(2)]. and produces the required westerly momentum and kinetic energy increases that air parcels experience as they Two additional common features are the poleward flow and equatorward flow along the western These changes in tropical convection reflected 1) a pronounced a strengthening and equatorward shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the Northern
is the divergent zonal wind and whose vertical component is the scaled pressure vertical velocity. This jet extension and eastward shift of the jet exit region were intimately related to an eastward extension of the climatological mean Pacific jet. 32. die el niños) nennt man das Auftreten ungewöhnlicher, nicht zyklischer, veränderter Meeresströmungen im ozeanografisch-meteorologischen System (El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ENSO) des äquatorialen Pazifiks.Das Phänomen tritt in unregelmäßigen Abständen von durchschnittlich vier Jahren auf. 27d), resulting in continued heavy precipitation across Chile and 23f). 20b). For the MAM season as a whole, mean SSTs greater than 29°C extended to east of the date line, and component of the required thermodynamically indirect, transverse ageostrophic circulation typical of any
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