122, 477–483 (2007), PubMed We assessed the potential presence of positive selection in 13,638 human genes with one-to-one orthologues in gibbon using a branch-site likelihood ratio test36 (Supplementary Information section S10).
ScienceDaily. Annette Damert, Bianca Ianc & Cornelia Ochis, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, BACPAC Resources, Oakland, 94609, California, USA, Pieter J. de Jong, Boudewijn ten Hallers & Baoli Zhu, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, Colorado, USA, Laura Dumas, Anis Karimpour-Fard, Majesta O’Bleness & James M. Sikela. Researcher Lucia Carbone on what the gibbon genome reveals about the acrobatic animals, This file contains Supplementary Sections 1-6 – see Supplementary Contents for details. To obtain This is to be expected, as full inactivation of many of these genes would be lethal. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. Google Scholar, Locke, D. P. et al. Rapid karyotype evolution combined with multiple episodes of climate and environmental change might explain the almost instantaneous divergence of the four gibbon genera. CAS Javier Herrero, Bronwen Aken, Daniel Barrell, Kathryn Beal, Paul Flicek & Matthieu Muffato. Accelerated substitution rates are a hallmark of adaptive evolution, and genomic regions with excess lineage-specific substitutions have been found to have functional roles34. Extended Data Figure 5 Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between gibbon genera. E.E.E. Evolutionary and biomedical insights from the rhesus macaque genome. PubMed
); The CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (B.Z.).. Although non-allelic homologous recombination between highly similar sequences can mediate large-scale rearrangements7, the majority of gibbon chromosomal breakpoints bore signatures of non-homology based mechanisms (Fig. Cell Sci. & Rambaut, A. Intragenic LAVA insertions were skewed toward introns (Pearson chi-squared, P = 0.0001) and were less frequent than expected when within <1 kb of the nearest exon junction (Extended Data Fig. and M.Y. Given the relatively recent differentiation of these genera (4–6 million years ago (Myr ago), this constitutes an extraordinarily fast rate of karyotype change.
Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes.
The question remains how such a high number of chromosomal rearrangements could become fixed in such a relatively short time. Life histories in comparative perspective. Gibbons (Hylobatidae) are critically endangered1 small apes that inhabit the tropical forests of southeast Asia (Fig. PubMed The x axis shows the per cent divergence from the respective consensus sequence and the y axis shows the number of elements with a certain per cent divergence from the consensus sequence. The gibbon genome has undergone a greater number of large-scale rearrangements; however, the number of small-scale rearrangements is comparable with the other species. PubMed Central P values for each class were calculated with the Fisher’s exact test. Carbone, L., Alan Harris, R., Gnerre, S. et al. Cell 152, 1285–1297 (2013), Schwalie, P. C. et al. CTCF-binding analyses: M.C.W., D.T.O., P.F., E.T., C.W.W., L.J.W., J.He. The extremely low number of large rearrangements in the gorilla genome (dotted green line) is a reflection of the use of the human genome as a template in the assembly process. Given evidence of functional roles gathered for human accelerated regions35, we speculate that the gibARs may create functional elements (for example, enhancers or protein-binding domains) to modulate the transcriptional effect of local LAVA insertions (Supplementary Information section S12 and Supplementary Data File 9). ), grant of the Ministry of National Education, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2012-4-0090 (A.D.), grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SCHU1014/8-1 (G.G.S. The gibbons, known as small apes are genetically farther from humans than the great apes chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orang-utans. ), Commonwealth Scholarship Commission (M.C.W.). Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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